American Counseling Association Code Of Ethics - 1883 Words

Yes, it’s a problem as clearly spelled out in the 2014 American Counseling Association’s (ACA) Code of Ethics, the Alabama Board of Examiners in Counseling code of ethics (based on the ACA’s guidelines), and the American Psychological Association (APA) Code of ethics. The ACA code states â€Å"Counselors protect the confidential information of prospective and current clients† (paragraph B.1.c), and â€Å"Counselors make every effort to ensure that privacy and confidentiality of clients are maintained by subordinates, including employees, supervises, students, clerical assistants, and volunteers† (paragraph B.3.a). The APA code states, â€Å"Maintaining Confidentiality Psychologists have a primary obligation and take reasonable precautions to protect†¦show more content†¦The code is the best judgment of one’s peers about common problems and shared professional values. However, it’s not a cookbook, but a critical starting po int (p.12) The best action is through a comprehensive process that is both intellectual and emotional (p.29). For my discussion, I choose the systematic 10-step model of ethical decision making from chapter two of Welfel’s book. However, I’m an athlete/fighter pilot who thinks in 3 and 4 steps versus 10 so I broke the 10 step model into 4 basic steps because when things are moving quickly, I need simple steps to guide me. 1. Maintain control This means to not overreact to the situation with excess emotion and to remain calm. It could simply be taking a few deep breaths to regulate the heart and the brain’s quick need to emotionally react versus logically. I can only control my actions†¦my attitude, effort, and focus. My aim is to be quick to listen/observe and slow to speak. Poor initiative judgement stems from inaccurate or incomplete understanding of the facts of the situation (p.29). In this situation, I would take note ofShow MoreRelatedThe Codes Of Ethics Of The American Counseling Association1667 Words   |  7 PagesContent Comparison Professional associations establish codes of ethics to ensure that clinicians uphold the standards of their association in order to protect the clients they serve and the profession they are affiliated with. This paper will compare the codes of ethics of the American Counseling Association (ACA), American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT), and National Association of Social Workers (NASW). ACA Code of Ethics The ACA is an educational, scientific, and professionalRead MoreThe American Counseling Association Code Of Ethics787 Words   |  4 PagesFrom a Christian perspective, American culture is full of misleading ideas that undoubtedly derive from contentiously evil principles yet find voluminous supporters who continue to promote such exploits. Integrating the belief systems of Biblical principles and secular approaches has been a critical debate for years within American culture and continues to polarize with the changing healthcare laws permitting abortions, supreme courts legalizing gay marriage, the elimination of prayer from publicRead MoreThe American Counseling Association Code Of Ethics1318 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract This paper is a response to a video discussing the issues of confidentiality, privilege, reporting, and duty to warn. This paper looks at these issues and their explanations in the American Counseling Association Code of Ethics as well as the Georgia State Board of Professional Counselor’s ethical guidelines and provides a commentary on the laws. It was found that these issues are not always black and white, but there is some debate on these issues. Confidentiality is both an ethicalRead MoreCode Of Ethics For The American Counseling Association2145 Words   |  9 PagesThe code of ethics for both the American Counseling Association (ACA) and the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT) create a framework by which Licensed Professional Counselors (LPC) and Marriage and Family Therapists (MFT), respectively, determine their ethical boundaries in which to practice in the field of counseling. Though it is clear the code of ethics within this profession ar e not definitive nor concrete instructions to handle all ethical concerns and scenarios, theyRead MoreOverview Of Crisis Prevention And The American Counseling Association Code Of Ethics Essay1179 Words   |  5 Pagesconsiderations, responsibilities, and understandings of how to assess the individual following a crisis. Ethical Standards There are several ethical standards that must be upheld when working with an individual during a crisis. The 2014 American Counseling Association Code of Ethics sets forth guidelines/rules for counselors to use when working with any client. The ACA (2014) speaks of the clients right to privacy which is especially needed when working with those who are survivors of sexual assault or intimateRead MoreA Case Study Involving A Counselor Who Violates The American Counseling Association Code Of Ethics998 Words   |  4 PagesThis paper will introduce a case study involving a counselor who violates the American Counseling Association Code of Ethics, which every counselor should respect. Joe is a 35 year old mental health counselor and has recently received a referral to counsel a 35 year old female named Jill. Jill is currently struggling with depression and anxiety, which is heightened by her dissatisfaction with her job. During their counseling session, Jill revealed that she is confused about her sexual preference andRead MoreCode of Ethics Essay1288 Words   |  6 PagesCode of Ethics Comparison Paper Melissa J. Diehl Liberty University September 2, 2012 Abstract Different organizations are driven by specific sets of code of ethics, which are used to protect many different aspect of the organizations, specifically the client, counselor, and organization. Concerning the standards of a counselor, their ethics are not only provided by the laws of the state or theirRead MoreThe American Counseling Association ( Aca ) Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Counseling Association (ACA) developed the code of ethics with six principles in mind that they thought were the foundation for ethical behavior and decision making: autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, fidelity and veracity (American Counseling Association, 2014). This lead to the six different purposes for the code of ethics. First, it sets ethical obligations and ethical guidance for professional counselors (American Counseling Association, 2014). Second, it recognizesRead MoreComparing Codes of Ethics Essays895 Words   |  4 PagesComparing Codes of Ethics The American Counseling Association and the American Mental Health Counselors Association Codes of Ethics both provide guidance and direction in making ethical decisions for their members (ACA, 2005) (AMHCA, 2010). Both the ACA and the AMHCA Codes of Ethics cover a wide range of moral and ethical situations that could present themselves to mental health professionals. Both of these codes of ethics have significant impacts on the counseling profession. The tools providedRead MoreExploring Ethical Codes and Possible Ethical Issues in Responding Therapy Clients through E-Mail921 Words   |  4 Pagesethical codes, possible ethical issues, and possible solutions to any issue that Dr. Lyne could face. While Dr. Lyne may have found responding to clients via email as â€Å"high quality service†, I believe that responding via email could become controversial while discussing therapeutic issues. There are several ethical codes that address the use of electronics. While using electronics one must inform the client of the limitations, and risks. In Section H of the ACA Code of Ethics booklet,

The Crucible By Arthur Miller - 1063 Words

In the english dictionary, there are three definitions of the word crucible. One is a metal container in which metals are mixed and melted. Another is a severe test. But the third definition, and the one that I think fits the best for this book, is a place or situation in which different elements interact to create something new. In my mind, this fits because all of the characters had their little grudges and dirty secrets. But when all those seemingly little things interact, they formed something new and a lot bigger: a witch hunt. This strange transformation that happened, occurred because of people exacting revenge. Revenge is a theme in the crucible because Abigail Williams, Mr Proctor, and Ann Putnam acted out of revenge. One character that acted out of revenge in The Crucible is Mr. Walcott. He acted out of revenge when he accused Martha Corey of witchcraft. We know that he was the one that accused her because in the Crucible, Giles Corey explains the situation to Joh n Proctor. â€Å"That bloody mongrel Walcott did it. Y’see he buy a pig of my wife four of five year ago, and the pig died soon after. So he come dancin’ in for his money back. So my Martha, she says to him, â€Å"Walcott, if you haven’t the wit to feed a pig properly, you’ll not live to own many†, she says. Now he goes to court and claims that from that day he cannot keep a pig alive for more than four weeks because of her books† (Act II) So, according to Giles, Mr. Walcott bought a pig fromShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1269 Words   |  6 PagesAt first glance, the playwright Arthur Miller in The Crucible highlights the historical significance of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, but in fact it is an allegorical expression of his perception of McCarthyism. If the reader has some background information on Arthur Miller’s victimization as a communist, it is evident that the play is a didactic vessel illustrating th e flaws of the court system in the 1950’s. The communist allegations were launched at government employees, entertainers and writersRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1681 Words   |  7 Pagesof their way to the last dying breath to make sure they leave with a good or bad reputation. In one of the recent literature study in class â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller, Miller uses characterization to illustrate reputation throughout the play. â€Å"The Crucible† takes place in Salem, Massachusetts. It is based upon the Salem witch trails. In â€Å"The Crucible†, we journey through the life of three characters who reputations plays a major role in the play. The three characters are John Proctor, AbigailRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller998 Words   |  4 Pagesmotivated by jealousy and spite. The Crucible is a four-act dramatic play production that was first performed on January 22, 1953. Arthur Miller used dialogue within the characters to cover the multiple themes; conflicts and resolutions, plus the few directions for the different actions of the play. The Salem Witch Trials were intended to be performed as the play however, when read, it can be more carefully examined and broken down to analyze the techniques. Miller, the playwright, uses literaryRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1333 Words   |  6 PagesAs the various characters in The Crucible by Arthur Miller interact, the dominant theme of the consequences of women’s nonconformity begins to slide out from behind the curtains of the play. Such a theme reveals the gripping fear that inundated the Puritans during the seventeenth century. This fear led to the famous witch-hunts that primarily terrorized women who deviated from the Puritan vision of absolute obedience and orthodoxy. Arthur Miller presents his interpretation of the suffering by subtlyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1145 Words   |  5 PagesUnbalance Through The Centuries In Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, the author reflects the persecution of communists in America in the 1950’s through a recount of the Salem witch trials. It is often presumed that Miller based his drama directly off of events that were particularly prevalent in the years surrounding the publication of The Crucible- which was released in the year 1953, towards the conclusion of the Korean War. Although there was not a literal witch hunt occurring during this timeRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1063 Words   |  5 PagesIn the English dictionary, there are three definitions of the word crucible. One is a metal container in which metals are mixed and melted. Another is a severe test. But the third definition, and the one that I think fits the best for this book, is a place or situation in which different elements interact to create something new. In my mind, this fits because all of the characters had their little grudges and dirty secrets. But when all th ose seemingly little things interact, they formed somethingRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1285 Words   |  6 Pages Rationale, Morality, Stereotypes, Pressure, Self-Censorship, Unanimity, and Mindguards. Groupthink has also taken place in our history a a country. The play, The Crucible by Arthur Miller is about a the real-life Salem Witch Trials that happened in 1692 - 1693, in Salem, Massachusetts. Some symptoms of Groupthink found in the Crucible are Rationale, Pressure, and Self-Censorship. The Groupthink symptom, Rationale, is described as when victims of Groupthink ignore warnings: they also collectivelyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller811 Words   |  4 Pages While The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, is only a four act play, it still resembles the format of a five act play. The five-act structure evolved from a three-act structure, which was made famous by Roman Aelius Donatus. Donatus came up with three types of plays: Protasis, Epitasis, and Catastrophe. The five-act structure helped to expand the three act structure, mainly made famous by Shakespeare through his many tragedies. Even though The Crucible contains only four acts, it still has the commonRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1052 Words   |  5 PagesBuddy Al-Aydi Ms.Healy English 9 CP 14th October 2014 The Crucible Essay The Crucible was a novel written by Arthur Miller in the 1950’s. It was written in a format of the play, portraying an allegory of the Salem Witch-Hunts led by Senator Joseph McCarthy. The book is known to have a inexplicable plot. This plot is advanced by multiple characters in the book in order to ensure that the reader maintains interest with the material that is being read. The farmer, John Proctor, would be theRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller841 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible is a chaotic play, throughout this American classic Arthur Miller takes the reader through multiple events of terror and insanity. While creating a great on-stage play, Arthur Miller portrays his life through the events, the characters, and plot of The Crucible. Using vivid imagery and comprehensible symbolism, Miller manipulates the real personalities of the characters and events in 1600 Salem, Massachusetts to create a symbolic autobiography. Throughout this play, the reader experie nces

Smoking Should Not Be Banned free essay sample

There has been much debate recently in Trinidad and Tobago on whether smoking should be banned totally. The Minister of Health and the Cancer Society have, on separate occasions, promoted this call while tobacco companies rebutted vociferously in the media as well. The focus of this article is to prove that smoking should not be banned. To begin, the smoking of cigarettes and tobacco has been ‘linked’ by researchers to heart disease and cancer. The word ‘link’ is important because to date, no concrete evidence has been unearthed that unequivocally proves that smoking causes heart diseases and cancer. Besides, don’t fried foods, exhaust fumes and asbestos sheets cause cancer too? Why not ban these as well? In addition, many people smoke (80% of smokers) to relax themselves when things become too tense (non-smokers will understand). It is not uncommon to see a person smoking during coffee breaks or lunch time after a period of tough work. We will write a custom essay sample on Smoking Should Not Be Banned or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If such people were to denied the calming effects of ‘a little smoker’ then they may go beserk and become abusive or even violent. Another pertinent point is that the tobacco industry is a major employer in the country. More than ten thousand workers are directed or indirectly involved in the industry. To shut down the industry is to take away livelihood of these workers and surely the stress from no income from such large sector would result in chaos. Also, what about their expensive sponsorship of many events? Most importantly, however, the act of smoking remains the choice of the individual. Smoking is not illegal so every responsible adult can choose to smoke or not. Every individual has a legal right to engage in any legal activity. Alcohol is legal and it can lead to abuse and violence. Tobacco is legal but surely it does not lead to social evils of alcohol. Maybe these activists should focus their attention on alcohol. In closing, a smoker has a freedom of choice and is doing nothing illegal, so there is no need to prevent him from doing something that relaxes him. Perhaps the efforts of non-smoking activists should be directed to the more reasonable quest to have smoking banned in public places.

Occupational Well Being for Health Place - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theOccupational Well Being for Health Place. Answer: Introduction: IOM Singapore started its journey in the year of 2012 and presently it has achieved worldwide fame in the establishing work place health safety to the companies by delivering solutions that helps in practising the same (Iom-world.org. 2012). The company presently works with lots of companies and brings out innovative ideas for establishing and improving the health place safety of the companies. This company composes training sessions to help other companies follow a health policy, as occupational well-being is a very important and vital issue in the present industrial world. Workplace without having any health safety policy or guideline is a failed workplace and at the present world the even the workers deny to work on a place that does not provide health policies for the workers. IOM Singapore has implemented frameworks that help in guiding the stakeholders and the company to engender the need of workplace health safety for each individual (Iom-world.org. 2012). Frameworks: The list of frameworks that the company follows are: Health and Wellbeing Framework in the workplace Statistics of Health and Wellbeing in the workplace Legal Framework regarding Safety and Health in the Workplace Responsible Authorities for Health and Wellbeing in Workplace Implementation of Strategy related to Workplace Health and Wellbeing The future planning The first groundwork notion beneath the new framework helps in mitigating the occupational health risks before their creation and does not accept any kind of existing problems within the organisation (Kelly and Fussell 2015). The first framework implies the fact that all the stakeholders in organisation thus requires conducting of risk assessments that will help to identify the occupational health risks and also its cause and after that measures must be taken to eliminate those health risks. The second assumption of the framework identifies the role of larger ownership industry regarding the occupational health and wellbeing outcomes. Industries must at large take more ownership of establishing health and safety is workplace standards and outcomes that will effect a cultural change from unconsidered to concerned factor for the prevention of any workplace health issues (Kelly and Fussell 2015). The third notion under the framework regarding health and wellbeing in workplace is to find outr the largely effecting financial hindrances and consequences on workplaces that brings in the practise of unsafe systems within the workplace, despite of the fact that there is no accidents occurred still the precautions are mandatory (Kelly and Fussell 2015). This helps in the creation of an environment where every workplaces find the most effective and worthy ways that will help them achieve the standards of maintaining wellbeing and health in the workplaces. Importance of technologies in maintaining occupational wellbeing: The importance of innovative technologies for maintaining the workplace safety is very important for many Singaporean companies in the present context and IOM in this case plays an expertise role to introduce the importance of technology for occupational wellbeing (Nieuwenhuijsen 2015). Use of technology along with using the ideas of IOM regarding the occupational well being issues helps the companies at a large basis. The company has some senior consulting employees who ages between 25 - 40 years have huge experience in maintaining workplace Hygiene. Two members of the company internationally acclaim their revolutionary work in nanotechnologies across the world. IOM Singapore helps many companies through an extraordinarily and brilliantly qualified consulting and trainingteam that comes across a wide range of Occupational wellbeing requirements to help the companies with the same (Nieuwenhuijsen 2015). International consulting experts across many countries guides and supports the Singapore team so that they have the knowledge to help almost every company by having a brief idea about the existing health issues. The company got its expansion significantly starting from local health to getting expertise at work by meeting and resolving all the queries that were growing among the undersized as well as multinational organisations in Singapore. IOM is famous in operating successful training programs that fully focuses on maintenance health and safety issues in workplaces (Marcinkiewicz et al 2016). Technology in the recent world is a very important issue and thus this company highlights that it is necessary for every company to upgrade their workplaces with the recent trends of technology. Using up to date technological services will help the companies with more safety in workplace and reduce the risks of accidents or occurrences in the workplaces. Workplace health and safety measures in any workplace is mostly considered as the joint efforts of the employers, employees and the society it operates in order to bring changes in the health and well-being of employees related to the company. This revelation of workplace health and safety measures particular emphasizes on ensuring the improvement of the organization as well as the working environment by escalating the participation of the employees in determining a positive working environment with required health determinants that encourages the personal hygiene maintaining skills and professional development relating to occupation al wellbeing for an employee (Waldron 2013). Workplace health safety of IOM particularly focuses on few factors that has no existence in the workplace legislation and does not include any development regarding maintenance of workplace health programmes, like the workplace environment, the promoting of healthy practises at work, as well as the practise of non-occupational health factors in the work environment (Lim et al 2014). The practise of Non-occupational factors may include family wellbeing, home and travelling conditions, as well as the societal factors, which affect the health of the employees at a large. Implementation of solutions to maintain better workplace: Institute of Occupational Medicine Singapore is an uncompetitive international contributor aimed to implement positive solutions regarding workplace health and wellbeing to every industry, be it agricultural, tea, steel or any other kind of industries (Iom-world.org. 2012). This company has prepared themselves by recruiting expertise and experienced people who will be able to follow the goal of the company and presently they have marked themselves as the best (Lerssi-Uskelin, Hopsu and Salmi 2014). The people they are related with have helped them to provide the realistic solutions regarding occupational health to a large range. Whether any company requires the strategic or expert recommendation or opinion or live monitoring, IOM Singapore always remains ready to help any company with any health related problems. The services that the company offers takes into consideration the concerns of occupational wellbeing, workplace hygiene, wellbeing of nanomaterials, human factors, lab services and training (Parker 2014). The company also aims to bring out the excellent multidisciplinary applied investigation on the variety of occupational health and wellbeing risk issues. Health and safety approaches: Maintaining of Occupational wellbeing and measuring controlling of risky occurences in the workplace are the main concern of the IOM Singapore (Wells and Hawkins 2014). IOM Singapore thinks that the companies must have brief knowledge about the health risks within the workplace and control them in order to practise a positive workplace rather than just asking for solutions and not participating on their own. The companies need to establish the process that will help in controlling and managing the health risks. The companies need to take on regular checks and comply with IOM Singapore to maintain the standards of workplace health and wellbeing (Timms et al 2015). The expertise and experienced employees of occupational health officers provides a huge range of help in reducing the health issues within a workplace by making the company understand the relationship between occupational wellbeing and positive work environment. Evaluation of risks in workplace: IOM Singapore has the aim to encourage the need of proper occupational wellbeing practices in order to promote good health of the employees. That is why this company helps other companies in conducting of helpful risk evaluation programmes in order to reduce or mitigate the health risks in any work place (Allen et al 2013). For doing this the company practises four simple phases: Identifying health and risk factors in the workplace: Every workplace needs the identification of health problems that is hampering the situation of the workplace. One of the consultants in IOM first visits the workplace of the person who asked for help from them and there that individual performs a walk through assessment identifying all the health problems the employees are facing as well as the health problems that is largely affecting the workplace. During the continuation of this process, the consultant from institute of occupational medicine assists the company to identify all the health risks by themselves so that the company itself knows about the problem they are dealing with in their workplace (Burke 2016). Then the consultant with his or her teams prepares a brief report that contains the list of the identified risk factors related to health in the workplace and brings out recommendations as well as plans for evaluating and mitigating the risks. Exposure estimation and risk evaluation: The company supports other companies in measuring the exposure as well as evaluating the risk for health risks created by unsafe chemicals, dusts, chemicals, materials and ergonomic factors (Reb and Atkins 2015). The work of institute of occupational medicine involves the evaluation and management of exposures including: Assessments for dusts, chemicals and other harmful materials Evaluation of the health problems within the workplace Measurement of factors that are related to human health Evaluation of designing the workplace, human factor Advice on health based occupational limits. Risk evaluation taking into context both the risk and revelation data. Development of controlling strategies and interpretation of the result: Proper explanation of risk assessment result is very important for practising of effective control strategies. IOM is always ready to provide wide range of experienced consultants having wide knowledge about occupational hygiene that will help other companies to understand the results derived from the exposure valuation risk evaluation and then IOM advises on the development of effective risk control strategy (Chaikitmongkol, Leeungurasatien and Sengupta 2015). IOM is presently the leading experts that assist the companies in establishing occupational wellbeing and occupational health programmes like, Occupational Hygiene Programme Hearing Conservation Programme Hazardous Substances Programme Ergonomics Programme Bio safety Programme Radiation Safety Programme Implementing of controlling measures and practising training: IOM consultants are in a continuous process of supporting other companies to ensure workplace health safety along with the implementation of the controlling measures helpful in maintaining occupational health (Rooney et al 2015). IOM also provide a large range of occupational health training for all levels of the work and for every company. Occupational Hygiene Officers are deployed to other companies for the purpose of conducting inspection and checking processes that are helpful to evaluate the efficacy of the controlling measures. Many of the companies with the help of IOM engages with the hygiene programmes in order to perform regular inspections and maintain occupational well being in the workplaces. Importance of workplace safety: The importance of the workplace health and safety lies in the different procedures that can be used for the wellbeing of both the employees and the employers. The violence in the workplace is a rapid ever growing concern in Singapore in the recent days. The safety and the health programs are an integral part of the IOM Singapore that is required for the prevention of the illness and injury in the workplace (Scholl, Okun and Schulte 2017). The health programs will be employed that will help in understanding the potential hazards that they might be exposed to on a daily basis. The health concerns will eventually affect the ability of the workers or the employees of the IOM organization to perform their duties in a proper way. There is a need to take the necessary steps that will protect the employees from the safety and the health concerns in the corporate community in Todays world. The hazards that are dangerous may be due to the different substances and the behaviors that may cause injury or harm to its own employees. There are several hazards that can be exposed in the IOM organization in Singapore (Grossmeierey al. 2016). The health hazards range from the different infectious diseases from one worker to another and those are even not properly maintained and stored. There is a need to follow such specific safety procedures that will help the event to come out of the emergency situation. The safety and the health measures of the IOM organization is to make it responsible for enforcing the laws regarding the measures that needs to be taken (Chosewood et al. 2017). The company may be charged if they do not provide a safe work and healthy environment for their employees by making a proper guideline and a safety standard. There is a need to investigate the complaints regarding the safety violations and that will ensure that the dangerous and the hazards in the workplace will be resolved. The general guidelines about the health that has been created is basically to help the office workers and their employers in understanding the certain hazards that might negatively impact the emergency situations of the IOM organization (Ammendolia et al. 2016). The guidelines have been made so that it might assist the IOM Company in conducting the potential job duty or work so that a proper procedure may be applied to prevent the injury and the illness. The safety and the health programs are important in preventing the illness and the injury in the IOM workplace. These health programs help the employees to understand the potential hazards that can be exposed to on a daily basis. The safety programs and the effective health programs will help the workers in benefiting the behaviors of the IOM workplace. Conclusion: Institute of Occupational Medicine Singapore is an uncompetitive international contributor aimed to implement positive solutions regarding workplace health and wellbeing to every industry, be it agricultural, tea, steel or any other kind of industries. The company has some senior consulting employees who ages between 25 - 40 years have huge experience in maintaining workplace Hygiene. The company presently works with lots of companies and brings out innovative ideas for establishing and improving the health place safety of the companies. This company composes training sessions to help other companies follow a health policy, as occupational well-being is a very important and vital issue in the present industrial world. Workplace without having any health safety policy or guideline is a failed workplace and at the present world the even the workers deny to work on a place that does not provide health policies for the workers. References: Allen, T.D., Johnson, R.C., Kiburz, K.M. and Shockley, K.M., 2013. Workfamily conflict and flexible work arrangements: Deconstructing flexibility.Personnel Psychology,66(2), pp.345-376. Ammendolia, C., Ct, P., Cancelliere, C., Cassidy, J.D., Hartvigsen, J., Boyle, E., Soklaridis, S., Stern, P. and Amick, B., 2016. Healthy and productive workers: using intervention mapping to design a workplace health promotion and wellness program to improve presenteeism.BMC public health,16(1), p.1190. Burke, R.J., 2016.The fulfilling workplace: the organization's role in achieving individual and organizational health. Routledge. Chaikitmongkol, V., Leeungurasatien, T. and Sengupta, S., 2015. Work-related eye injuries: important occupational health problem.The Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology,4(3), pp.155-160. Chosewood, L.C., Goetzel, R., Linnan, L. and Lang, J.E., 2017. New frontiers in workplace health. Grossmeier, J., Fabius, R., Flynn, J.P., Noeldner, S.P., Fabius, D., Goetzel, R.Z. and Anderson, D.R., 2016. Linking workplace health promotion best practices and organizational financial performance: tracking market performance of companies with highest scores on the HERO scorecard.Journal of occupational and environmental medicine,58(1), pp.16-23. Iom-world.org. (2012).IOM | Institute of Occupational Medicine. [online] Available at: https://www.iom-world.org/ [Accessed 3 Oct. 2017]. Kelly, F.J. and Fussell, J.C., 2015. Air pollution and public health: emerging hazards and improved understanding of risk.Environmental geochemistry and health,37(4), pp.631-649. Lerssi-Uskelin, J., Hopsu, L. and Salmi, A., 2014. What is Workplace Health Promotion (WHP).African Newsletter, p.46. Lim, R.B.T., Ma, S., Fong, C.W., Chua, L., Chia, K.S., Heng, D. and Lim, W.Y., 2014. How healthy is the Singaporean worker? Results from the Singapore national health survey 2010.Journal of occupational and environmental medicine,56(5), pp.498-509. Marcinkiewicz, A., Walusiak-Skorupa, J., Wiszniewska, M., Rybacki, M., Hanke, W. and Rydzy?ski, K., 2016. Challenges to occupational medicine in view of the problem of work-related diseases and the aging of workforce. Directions for further development and intentional changes in preventive care of employees Medycyna pracy,67(5), pp.691-700. Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J. ed., 2015.Exposure assessment in environmental epidemiology. OUP Us. Parker, S.K., 2014. Beyond motivation: Job and work design for development, health, ambidexterity, and more.Annual review of psychology,65, pp.661-691. Reb, J. and Atkins, P.W. eds., 2015.Mindfulness in organizations: Foundations, research, and applications. Cambridge University Press. Rooney, D., Hopwood, N., Boud, D. and Kelly, M., 2015. The role of simulation in pedagogies of higher education for the health professions: Through a practice-based lens.Vocations and learning,8(3), pp.269-285. Schilling, R.S.F. ed., 2013.Occupational health practice. Butterworth-Heinemann. Scholl, J.C., Okun, A. and Schulte, P.A., 2017. Workplace safety and health information dissemination, sources, and needs among trade associations and labor organizations Timms, C., Brough, P., O'Driscoll, M., Kalliath, T., Siu, O.L., Sit, C. and Lo, D., 2015. Flexible work arrangements, work engagement, turnover intentions and psychological health.Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources,53(1), pp.83-103. Waldron, H.A., 2013.Occupational health practice. Butterworth-Heinemann. Wells, J. and Hawkins, J., 2014. Promoting Construction Health and Safety through Procurement: A briefing note for developing countries.

ATHENS VS SPARTA essays

ATHENS VS SPARTA essays Athens and Sparta were two major civilizations. Each had their own beliefs, morals, traditions, and things that set them apart. They each lived in different areas of the world. Sparta was very isolated, and Athens was a trade capital of the world. They each had their own battles, wars and problems within their respected countries. They both had different government systems as well as intellectual beliefs. In the end it was this different beliefs and egotistical leaders that would bring both civilizations to their ultimate downfall. Sparta is a great unique nation. They sit inland quite a bit and are isolated from trade and from spread of other countries customs. Around 725 B.C.E. Sparta conquered their neighbors, the Messcenians. Then Sparta made them their slaves. The term they used for them were helots. The helots out numbered the Spartans 160,000 to 32,000. Since the helots outnumber the Spartans by so much, a revolt was inevitable, these revolts led to the emergence of a government called the Lycurgan laws. Lycurgeous came up with this idea of government. Basically, there were two kings, which were in charge of the military army. The kings had the power to veto each other, so this made it hard for them to commit to a war, unless both kings were in favor of it. Next we have the Ephors, there were five of them and they basically controlled the helots. They Ephors also were in charge of international affairs. The Gerousia were made up of 30 men, and they held all judicial power and decisions. The y could not propose or pass any laws. The Assembly consisted of all males over thirty. They were the final authority but in practice, debate was carried on by magistrates, elders, and kings alone, and voting was usually by acclamation. If you notice there is no real power with any of the executive offices. This was on purpose it factored in a bunch of checks and balances between all parties of...

The eNotes Blog The High Cost ofCollege

The High Cost ofCollege How to decide whether a four-year degree is right for you. In a post from May last year we pondered the question, should everyone go to college?  And what might still be surprising to some, the answer was a resounding no. As editor and college professor Jamie described it then, I believe anyone who wants an education should   pursue one. But I also see many incredibly gifted students who have skills that they are actively discouraged from mastering because they are supposed to have a Bachelor’s degree.   I see young people who have no real interest or desire to stay in school another four years who are miserable and many who are racking up debt when they could be doing something they enjoy, avoiding debt, and making money. The prevailing opinion in America is that every student must go to college; if they dont, theyve somehow failed, or been failed by the system. Yet the cost of an American college education is among the highest in the world. So, if that college degree does you no favors in the job force, or if you drop out before completing your four years, youre burdened with a mass of student debt to shoulder for the next twenty years. Thats why its important to look at the costs of a college education, weighing out the pros and cons of each side and determining whats right for you. If you plan to spend your life in academia, of course a university education is a necessity. But if youd be better suited to a skilled trade, would the debt and time spent out of the workforce pay off? Heres an excellent infographic from  affordable-online-colleges.net  to help you weigh your options. You might be surprised by what you find, like the high success rates of those who choose a two-year college over pursuing a Bachelors degree. Read on and let us know your thoughts and questions! Source: Affordable-Online-Colleges.net

Birth Order and Its Effect on Personality Research Paper

Birth Order and Its Effect on Personality - Research Paper Example Birth order can be defined as the position one has in a family in relation to the other siblings. For instance a person can be a first born, second or even a last born. There are some people who are normally only children to their parents. All these are termed as birth orders. According to research, birth order has various effects on an individual's personality. (Adler, 1956)It is very important to study this issue because it helps to in understanding the different personalities in relation to birth order. This study is very important to educators or teachers because it helps them to understand the behavioral differences among the students. It will also help them to know how to relate to different personalities of students and also fellow teachers. (Adler, 1956) This study is very fundamental to counselors. This is because it helps them to understand the behavioral differences in their clients. This makes it easier for them to give more pragmatic solutions basing on having such prior knowledge. This study is very essential to parents as it helps them to understand the different personality traits among their children. It is also important to study this issue as it helps us understand ourselves more as individuals. This helps us to understand why we behave the way we do. This also helps people to understand each other in various dimensions of relationships. This includes relationships between siblings and marriage etc. Our ordinal positioning in the family highly affects how we develop. According to research the ordinal positioning of a child affects his or her personality traits. There are various researchers that have studied this issue concerning birth order and personality traits. Alderian theory Alfred Adler is one of the psychologists who carried out research on this issue. This was carried out in the early 1920's. According to Adler, there are various variables that contribute to the birth order theory. He explains that there are chances that a child can take his or her sibling's position if the environment allows it. Adler explains that in case a child has a physical disability for instance, then his or her sibling will automatically take part of the sibling's birth order traits. (Adler, 1956) Adler concurs that there can be other influences that can affect a child's personality. These include gender roles, social and economic position and parental attitudes. Adler's findings show that the spacing of the children has a big impact on their personality traits. There is high impact on the positioning of children if they are separated by more than three years. (Adler, 1956) According to Adler an only child will in most cases have adult like speech because he or she receives two hundred of the parent's attention. Such a child he says always prefers to be in the midst of adults than his or her peers. In most cases parents who have an only child over protect and end up spoiling the child. (Birth Order Dynamics 2007) According to Adler, the first child always feels dethroned when the second born comes along. This makes him or her to feel a bit insecure and conservative. The first born will in this case exhibit authoritarian characters and become strict. (Adler, 1956) Second born in

Human Resources in internship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Resources in internship - Essay Example After understanding these, I can then have a better chance in developing the various skills that I aim to improve. Meeting with the manager is a critical step for it assists in getting to know them further, their strengths and their views regarding various issues that go on in the organization. The supervising manager that I had the privilege of meeting is the assistant operations director for the organization. The manager was resourceful in that he helped me to understand the operating procedures of the organization. Moreover, comprehending the aspects that he dislikes kept me in a position to know what to avoid in the internship that may make him angry and thus make my internship go wrongly. I asked the manager the procedure that he goes through in covering the hiring process. The manager told me that for them to hire in the organization, the candidates had to have come from a respectable institution failure to which the application is immediately rejected. This information was helpful in that it instilled confidence in me regarding the manner in which people operate in the organization. Moreover, I understood that the institution that I was representing was respected by the organization and thus I was in a position to get permanent employment in the organization once I was through with the internship. The advertising of the openings is through print media where they are on newspapers. The interview procedure involves a rapid five-minute questioning where the potential employee has the responsibility of offering direct answers. After this, there is the questioning of less direct questions where the potentials have the responsibility of answering in detail to show the management their knowledge of the organization. The next issue that I discussed with the manager is regarding the training process that they take their employees through once hired by the organization. The process was quite tasking and the manager told me that

Discussing the Law Cases in the United States Assignment

Discussing the Law Cases in the United States - Assignment Example Officer D’onofrio took a single picture of the defendant without the accompaniment of Mr Glover, the alleged buyer. He only relied on the description given to him by Mr Glover. This is another hitch; what if there is another person who resembles the defendant and maybe is the one who sold the alleged heroin to Glover It is hard for the officer to prove that the picture he took was actually of the person Glover described. Glover admits that he had neither met the defendant nor had he seen him before, this also makes his positive identification of the defendant challengeable in a court of appeal. In short, the procedure the officer used to obtain evidence of the case is improper according to the US federal constitution. The defendant lawyer can argue that the evidence given is inadmissible since it is derived by Glover pretence to lure his client to commit a crime. The US criminal penal code states that; .."Whenever evidence is objected to as inadmissible because it was discovered as a result of or otherwise derived from compelled testimony or evidence, the burden shall be upon the person offering the challenged evidence to establish a source independent of the compelled testimony or evidence"( Sec. 54-47a). Since the court relied on evidence given by Mr.  Ã‚   It should be noted that the defence lawyer has all the right to apply for rejection of any information or evidence given under the U.S Federal criminal penal code. The federal court can upon motion by the defence lawyer at any time dismiss any information and order the defendant discharged. (Sec.54-56 ).

Solid Waste Management For Hotels In Mauritius

Solid Waste Management For Hotels In Mauritius The main objectives of this mini project were: to provide a review of key concepts and issues relevant to solid waste management for Small ,Medium ,and Large Hotel in Mauritius ; to analyse and evaluate the hotel solid waste management (HSWM) program in Mauritius and to suggest recommendations and areas for further research. The following data collection methods were used in this study: deep review of documents and literature, interviews and a propose methodology to carry out the study. Tourism can bring both positive and negative impacts. One aspect of tourism that can have an impact on local communities is solid waste management (SWM). Improper SWM can lead to pollution and deterioration of the aesthetic appeal of tourist destinations. However ,may airline agency are assessed the hotels for safety and ecology before placing the tourist in the hotels. A proposed survey questionnaire has been designed and could be administered at a later stage for future evaluation of solid waste in small, medium, and large hotel .The questionnaire has been designed in such a way to be able to analyse all solid waste within a hotel ,example ,waste from kitchen ,store ,office ,Front Office ,Laundry ,Housekeeping and so on Waste minimization is essential in the hotel industry with regards to waste reduction, reuse, recovery and disposal. This is also referred to as the Hierarchy of Waste Management .From the literature review obtained from different sources, small ,medium and large hotel can adopt the hierarchy of waste Minimization ,Reduction ,Reuse and Recovery .However it is also noticed that there is advantages and disadvantages using Waste Minimization Approach . Now ,there is a lot of recycling companies in Mauritius which collect or hotel go to disposed all the materials to be recycled such as glasses to Glass Gallery ,Metals to Steel Scrap Ltd ,Plastic Bottle to Polypet Recyclers Ltd ,Paper to Agripac or Dakhri Paper . If Solid Waste is not properly managed by the hotel ,there can be a environmental degradation and pollution, resource depletion and damage to marine ecosystem. The EPA 2002 is enforced by the Ministry of Local Government .According to the EIA ,no hotel construction till the approval of the EIA Report Many hotels generate above 20% of food waste , Green Waste and can be composting .According to the Ministry of Local Government ,very few hotels carry out the composting and many of the hotels whether small ,medium or large do not have expertise on composting . It is also evident that small and medium hotels pay less attention for the implementation of waste minimization than larger hotels, because the costs outweigh the benefits. The small and medium hotels have limited space for them to apply the minimization totally .But to some extent small and medium hotels can apply the hierrerchy .Concepts such as appropriate technology, cleaner production, life cycle assessment and environmental management systems can be useful for improving how solid waste management is approached. Conclusions and lessons learned from the literature are presented and links between concepts in the literature and .recommendations made on how to management waste in these hotels ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Mrs Geeta Devi Unmar for her valuable meetings guide ,support for my mini project on Solid Waste Management for Hotel(Small, Medium and Large ) . I am also grateful Mr Prakash Kowlessur ,Director Solid Waste Unit ,and Mr Micheal Marie ,Principal Enforcement Officer ,Ministry of Local Government , for his helpful coordination with his staffs to collect the quantity of waste per week. Special thank to Mr. Shardoo ,Environment Officer at Ministry of Environment and NDU for his useful information on EIA guide line for coastal hotel .Finally special a thank to Mr. Lan Pin Wing Michel,Statistic Section, Ministry of Tourism ABBREVATIONS Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 1.1 An Overview of Solid Waste In Mauritius The rapid industrialisation and urbanization during the past decade have led to changing production and consumption patterns that continue to present new demands for natural resources and create new waste streams. It is estimated that solid waste produced in Mauritius is about 380,000 tonnes a year (or 1,200 tonnes per day) and is expected to reach 418,000 tonnes in 2014.Each Mauritian generates around 0.7 kg of solid waste daily and this is expected to rise to 0.9 kg by 2010. The development of an integrated solid waste management strategy is among the priorities identified in the National Environmental Strategies to reduce future costs from environment degradation The increase in the economic development has changed the life style and the consumption pattern of the population. Consequently, this has led to an increase of the amount of solid waste generated. 1.2 Composition of MSM It is found that most of the waste is organic in nature and can be compost easily (Fact Sheet- Ministry of Environment) . 1.3 Waste Composition from Hotel There are three main sources of waste from hotels (office/guest rooms, gardens, and kitchen/restaurant), and each source contains different types of waste. For example, there are a lot of compostable, which can be biologically decomposed, present in kitchen-waste while more recyclables are present in waste from office/guest rooms (Chopra, 2004) According to Reseearch ,Dr Wan Li Liao ,2008 A typical hotels waste stream in Belize consists of the following component percentages: paper/cardboard 27%, food waste 45%, yard waste 8%, plastic 5%, metal 5%, glass 5%, demolition and construction waste 3%, other 2%. 1.4 Disposal Of Solid Waste In Mauritius Formerly solid wastes were disposed of in open dumping grounds, but due to public complaints of the nuisance caused by the foul odour emitted by the putrefying waste, all the open dumps have now been closed. The Ministry of Local Government and the Local Authorities are responsible for collection and transportation of household and commercial wastes. Today, solid wastes are collected and disposed of at the Mare Chicose landfill through transfer stations. There are presently 5 transfer stations in Mauritius namely: Poudre dOr Roche Bois La Brasserie St Martin La Laura Wastes are compacted at the transfer station to reduce their volume before they are transported in larger vehicles to the sole landfill of the country which is at Mare Chicose. In hotel actually the waste is collected in different bins, that is , segregation at source .Waste carrier come to collect the waste and then transfer to land fill .For Most of the hotel the transfer is subcontracted to cleaning service such as Securiclean, Maxiclean ltd or even to private lorry .Sometime due to poor management of solid waste , poor storage , and irregularity of waste carrier to collect waste ,make rise to bad smell ,rodents and sometimes it is not esthetics . Now the tourism industry is one of the three pillars of the Mauritian Economy. Mauritius is become one of the most important international tourist destinations in the Indian Ocean. The tourist arrivals for the year 2009 rose up to 413,504, with a forecast of 1.0 million tourist arrivals for the end of year 2010. Due to the expansion of tourism industry , there were total of 97 registered hotels in operation by the end of June 2009 (C.S.O., 2009). Hotel activities produce huge amount of wastes, which tend to increase as the number of hotels increases. The problem of waste generation associated to environmental pollution is a challenge to hotels with regards to waste collection and disposal. Our space land fill become limited Much emphasis is placed on ecotourism. Ecotourism in fact consists of three elements: natural-based, educational and sustainable management (ecoT mgt and assess) Mauritius itself is described as an ecotourism destination in the Indian Ocean and Africa region. (encyclo of ecoT). One example of an ecogreen hotel in Mauritius is Le Coco Beach Hotel, whereby ecotourism practices are applied (ecot themes..) Ecogreen hotels can help to protect the environment, make hotel operations sustainable, reduce cost and liabilities, and improve health and safety. Since hotel operations such as housekeeping, bar and restaurant, kitchen, greenscaping, administrative office and staff quarters, generate large quantities of solid waste, a good solid waste management system is essential. Priority must be given to the development and implementation of a sustainable and integrated solid waste management system, encouraging current practices such as reuse, recycling, composting, waste reduction and prevention, facilities for waste disposal and technologies to convert waste into energy. 1.5 Research Goals The improvement of solid waste management is one of the challenges faced by tourist destinations in Mauritius. This mini project provides full literature review of the HSWM program in Mauritius to disseminate information about an innovative solid waste management program in a tourist destination. This study will explore the topics Conclusions,recommendations and future research directions will be presented at the end of the study. The research objectives for the study were: To provide a review of key concepts and issues related to solid waste management in Mauritius . To analyse and evaluate the hotel solid waste management (HSWM) program in Mauritius pertaining to Small ,Medium and Large Hotel To provide space to the landfill . To suggest recommendations and areas for further research. 1.6 Beneficiaries From the outcome of this mini project I have try to identify the HSWM within the Small , Medium and Large Hotel and how the system is working within the hotel ,that the hotel staff is facing and this can serve a starting point in the Hotel for improving its conditions, infrastructure, work environment and attitudes towards the waste management ,and eco environment .It will be a great benefit for the Small and Medium Hotel 2.0 Literature review 2.1.1 What is waste Wastes are those materials no longer required by an individual, institution or industry. Wastes are thus regarded as by-products or end products of the production and consumption process respectively. (Source: A. Vesilind, 1995) 2.1.2 Solid waste is that material which arises from various human activities and which is normally discarded as useless or unwanted. Examples of solid wastes: waste tires scrap metal furniture and toys domestic refuse (garbage) discarded appliances and vehicles empty cans, paint cans and compressed gas cylinders ,plastics and bottle construction and demolition debris, 2.1.3 SOURCES AND TYPES OF WASTES Wastes are produced by human activities and include: 1. Municipal wastes 2. Industrial wastes 3. Agricultural wastes 5. Energy generation wastes . 2.1.3 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a waste type that includes predominantly household waste (domestic waste) with sometimes the addition of commercial wastes collected by a municipality within a given area. There are five broad categories of MSW: Biodegradable waste: food kitchen waste, green waste, paper (can also be recycled). Recyclable material: paper, glass, bottles, cans, metals, certain plastics, etc. Inert waste: construction and demolition waste, dirt, rocks, debris. Composite wastes: Waste clothing, Tetra Paks, Waste plastics such as toys. Domestic hazardous waste toxic waste: medication, paints, chemicals, light bulbs, fluorescent tubes, spray cans, fertilizer and pesticide containers, batteries, shoe WASTE DISPOSAL 2.4 Waste Generation And Collection In Mauritius waste collection is undertaken by the local authorities which consist of 5 municipalities for urban areas and 4 district councils for rural regions. More recent figures indicate that close to 800 tonnes of waste is collected daily and this figure is set to increase to 1000 tonnes daily in the coming years. The following is a break up of the sources of waste by tonnage. Trade and Industry: 150 tonnes/ day Domestic waste : 600 tonnes/ day Hotels : 50 tonnes/ day It has been estimated that, on average, each person generates 0.6 kg of waste daily. Whereas an average family generates 800 kg per year. (Solid Waste Unit ,Ministry of Local Government) Type of Waste Percentage of Waste Table 2 -Tonnage of Waste -Mare Chicose Landfill for Year 2007 to 2009 From the graph it can be concluded that the generation on waste is being kept increase. Metal cans: It is estimated that 28 million metal cans are imported annually and this is set to increase at a rate of 5.7% yearly. 2.4.1 HOTEL WASTE GENARATION Each hotel room generates an estimated 9.2 kg of waste per day (Wisnu 1998b). In Indonesia, per capita waste generation rates were 0.65-0.83 kg/day in large cities, 0.55-0.63 kg/day in medium cities and 0.47-0.5 kg/day in small towns (Jindal et al., 1998). Therefore, the amount of waste generate per hotel room is over ten times the amount of waste generated per day .From both study it was concluded that 80% of waste is organic 2.4.2 Waste Disposal The authorised dumps are found at: (1) Poudre DOr (2) Mt St Pierre (3) Riche Fond (4) Solferino (5) La Martiniere An unspecified number of unauthorised dumps exist throughout the island. Though illegal dumping takes place at these sites, the authorities turn a blind eye because of the lack of appropriate structures to deal with all the wastes generated on the island. The present method of waste disposal cannot continue for long as the dumps are overflowing with heterogeneous waste and open dumps have obvious disadvantages like the emission of air pollutants and odours, contamination of the water table with seepage and contamination of aquatic resources like rivers and the lagoon. The Roche Bois dump also situated close to the shore receives domestic, commercial and industrial waste from the Port Louis area. About 100 tonnes of solid waste are discharged daily at the site and then incinerated. The adjoining lagoon is subsequently polluted with all types of solid waste, it also a receptacle for sewage and industrial waste discharge. 2.5 Waste Management Waste management shall mean the collection, transport, recovery and disposal of waste, including the supervision of such operations and aftercare of disposal sites However the newer concepts of Waste management talk about Reduce, Reuse and Recycle of waste over and above waste disposa1. 2.5.1Waste Minimization Approaches to Hotel Waste The Waste Hierarchy is a list of approaches to managing waste, arranged in order of importance. Below is a common graphical representation of the Hierarchy, with the least preferred option for managing waste, Recovery, located at the right end and the most preferred option, Reduction, located at the beginning left. WASTE MINIMIZAT10N APPRAOCHES Waste Minimization Techniques Delivered by Hotel 2.5.1.1 Reduction Reduction is the topmost approach in the hierarchy of waste management. It is perhaps the most important element of the waste hierarchy and also the one which presents the toughest challenges. According to the book Waste Treatment and Disposal, reduction is the strategy that waste production from commercial consumption should be reduced. It concerns the consumption and purchasing of longer lasting products, and products which are likely to result in less waste when they are used. Examples of waste reduction are: buying by bulk, and using alternatives. 2.5.1.2 Reuse This is the second most important approach in the hierarchy of waste management. Reuse is the collection and reuse of materials, for example cleaning and reuse of glass bottles. Reuse is a more effective use of resources. Many of these products can be reused instead of being disposed of to landfill Many waste products have the potential to be reused enabling purchasing cost savings at the facility, as well as decreasing waste management cost. The approach of reusing products can create changes in attitudes towards disposable products. Examples of products that can be reuse are: used tyres, glass and plastic bottles, scrap paper, and plastic bags. 2.5.1.3 Recovery This is the third and final approach in the hierarchy of waste management. It includes two types of waste recovery, which are recycling and composting. According to the book Waste Treatment and Disposal, (1) Recycling. The potential to recycle material from waste is high, Recycling: reprocessing of a discarded waste material to make it suitable for subsequent re-use either for its original form or for other purposes Recycling is beneficial in two ways: it reduces the inputs and reduces the amount of waste produced for disposal.Finally on recycling we can save transport vehicles ,maintenance cost ,fuel cost In Mauritius, figures for 2000 show that only 15 820 tonnes of waste per year was being recycled instead of 100,000 tonnes (Min. of Env. N.D.U-2003). 2.6 Benefits of Waste Minimization The benefits of the implementation of waste minimization at the hotel whether small ,medium or large facility are as follows: 1. Less waste generation will be produced due to the implementation of waste minimization programs in hotels and the support of tourist visitors and employees. As a result, the market trends, which attract and motivate tourists to visit increases since the environmental quality is maintained. More tourist will be attracted 2. Giving back to the community and showing environmentally friendly concerns also enhances the outlook of the hotels public image. Being socially responsible shows how much the business cares about the outside elements that makes the business successful, and not just about profits 3. Having an environmental focus of the hotels operations creates a market niche separating that particular hotel from its competitors, whom are not eco-friendly. An environmental focus is relatively new in the hotel industry. 5. Increasing profits result since an abundant amount of money purchasing new products which the facility could have been using the reusable products instead and paying less for waste disposal. 2.7 Difficulties of Waste Minimization Just as there are many benefits of waste minimization, there are indeed many difficulties. 1. Although waste reduction, reuse and recovery have become an integral part of many hotel management plans, space limitations and finance often make this process problematic for some facilities. 2. Limited knowledge and training can be strenuous for managers to discipline their employees in carrying out these environmentally friendly practices. Lack of control over these behaviors can be quite demanding. 3 At the smaller hotels, the costs outweigh the benefits leaving the facility with no incentive to carry out this sustainable way of operating. Environmental awareness is growing at a slow rate. 2.7 Tourism: Solid waste generation and impacts Hotel activities tend to produce large amount of solid wastes; waste paper, stationery and ink cartridges from the administrative offices and staff quarters; old furniture equipments from guest rooms; food scraps, broken glassware and other solid waste from the kitchen, bar and restaurants; newspapers and magazines from the front desk, waste vegetation from greenscaping and out of use equipments from the maintenance department. The tourism industry can have positive impacts for a country. For example: increase of national profit, enhancement of the countrys global image, bringing in investors and improved infrastructure. On the other hand, negative effects are also felt; environmental degradation and pollution, resource depletion and damage to marine ecosystem. 2.8 Importance of a good Solid Waste Management Waste is unsightly, malodorous and unaesthetic, polluting land, air and water, clogging drainage systems, posing serious public health risks, and restricting potential land use (Pernia,1992 ).Improper SWM can result in pollution and health risks and waste, if not disposed of properly can become a nuisance and a health hazard.Decomposing waste harbor disease vectors, attracts vermin and help the proliferation of rodents and rats (national state of Allegro Papgayo hotel in Costa Rica was closed because of bad and unsustainable waste management practices which lead to ocean pollution in the surroundings and bad smelling (Costa Ricas Occidental Grand Papagayo to close?,2008). A good SWM is essential and should emphasize on environmental protection and health 2.9 Approach to a Sustainable and Integrated Solid Waste Management At present, more and more hotels are implementing sustainable practices to reduce tourism impacts on the environment by using water, energy and other materials efficiently. These are termed as ecogreen hotels. This reduces cost for waste disposal and increased profits. In Mauritius some hotels like Oberoi Hotel and Le Plantation using recycles items and one restaurant from Le Plantation Hotel is made of all recycles materials like all plates ,glasses ,chairs ,tables and so on .Another example is that At Amelia Island Plantation, Amelia Island, FL, more than 5.5 tons of waste is collected for recycling each week. 2.9.1 Energy recovery Treating waste thermally WTE with heat recovery can help to supply a clean and trustworthy energy under the form of heat and power. This can contribute to saving energy (Pavlas, et al., 2009). One example is Payatas, whereby electricity is produced from methane gas (Serrona, Yu, 2009). Energy recovery is a very sustainable solution to Plastic Solid Waste since plastics have a high calorific content and embodied energy. Cement kilns and fluidized beds are utilized to recover energy from PSW (S.M. Al-Salem et al., 2009). 2.9.2 Composting Composting is a natural process that turns organic material into a dark rich substance. This substance, called compost, is a wonderful conditioner for soil. It is the decomposition of the organic fraction of waste to produce a stable product such as soil conditioners and growing material for plants. Composting can save money for transfer of waste to landfill Composting is found to be the best way to deal with organic types of waste generated (Narayana, 2009). In fact, for solid waste which have a high moisture content and low calorific value, for example: food wastes and greenscaping wastes, aerobic composting is the best method for managing this waste . ( Narayana, 2009). 2.9.3 WASTE REDUCTION Refillable amenity dispensers can replace soap, lotion, shampoo and conditioner bottles in hotel guest rooms. In Food and Beverage they can purchase large tin butter and refilling in small porcelain pot rather than to buy very small butter with smaller plastic container They can use Beverage Dispenser rather than can .They reduce waste, slash operating costs and save time. Housekeeping managers save staff time when they buy highly concentrated cleaning supplies. Engineering managers cut waste and increase productivity when they switch from incandescent lights to fluorescent or LED bulbs. Fluorescent bulbs last five times as long as incandescents and LEDs operate twenty-five times longer. Modular mattresses allow hotels to replace just the mattress tops, not the rest of the units. They extend the seven-year average life of hotel mattresses by five to ten years. Hotel restaurants reduce waste by using washable table cloths and dinnerware, reusable coffee filters and by providing condiments in bulk dispensers. Hotels can eliminate bottled water waste by using filtered water. There are many more waste prevention strategies that hotels could deploy, such as: eliminating unrequested newspapers; requiring documents to be printed on both sides of the page and with a smaller font and margins; asking hotel suppliers to reduce excess packaging; and having staff use permanent mugs and cups, rather than disposables. The old furniture and the bed with the bed sheet can be donated to the infirmary institutions for reused and at the same time their CSR increases. Recycling Products with minimal packaging can be ordered. Do grass cycling with the grass from the lawn. Stop providing disposable mugs for example, buy company mugs. Buy durable towels, napkins, etc. Encourage the guests to return the reusable products. Introduce the waste prevention programme to the guests. (ecogreenhotel, 2009). 2.9.5 . Environmental Management Systems Environmental management systems (EMSs) provide a framework that can help organizations incorporate tools such as cleaner production. EMSs involve the achievement of environmental goals through the management of environmental aspects in a consistent way. Environmental goals ,policies ,measurable objectives are set by the organisation and achieved through the control of operations. Waste minimization can be an Environmental Policy and objective set is less than 2% of Solid Waste Generation or Zero Waste 2.9.6 EIA Guide Line For Proposed Coastal Hotel Projects ,July 2004 In 2008, some 44 EIA licences were granted of which 12 (27% ) were issued to land parcelling and 8 (18% ) were provided to coastal hotels and related works There is an increase of hotel in our coastal region and an EIA is requires under section 15 of the EPA 2002 for the coastal hotels .Under section 3.7 of the EIA guideline ,July 2004 ,for each impact the section should state steps to avoid or reduce it ,for example ,is as follows :Source ,Type ,Generation ,,Collection and disposal of solid wastes One EIA report for Proposal for the Construction of new Hotel at Tamarin Medine Ltd had been verified and found that that the following statement has been made Waste generated from the kitchen and accessory services if not properly managed may cause direct impact on the surrounding .Indirect impacts may be caused by proliferation of rats ,insects and emission of bad smell (EIA Report ,2009 -Ministry of Environment and N.D.U.) 2.9.7 Impact Mitigation Measures Hotels will be committed to appropriately manage its solid wastes. As much as possible ,solid waste wastes will be sorted for its different components. Biodegradable waste will be composted .Other waste will be kept in sealed bins located in the back house prior being carted away by licensed companies .Measures for waste management to be implemented are as follows : Sort out wastes at source (glass, paper, biodegradable substances ,metals, cans Compost garden green waste and kitchen waste Provide special bin for disposal of batteries ,cartridges ,bulbs etc (EIA report Tamarin Medine Ltd ,2009) 2.9.8 Environment and Health Waste is unsightly and malodourous, polluting land, air and water, clogging drainage systems, posing serious public health risks, and restricting potential land use The burning of garbage releases smoke and hazardous substances. Leachate from the waste can contaminate soil, surface water and groundwater. Mosquitoes that can carry dengue fever as last year this disease recur. Mosquitoes breed in fresh water from accumulated rainfall in cans and bottles .Disease vectors such as mosquitoes, flies, cockroaches and rodents thrive on solid waste Workers often do not use safety equipment such as facemasks, ear plugs, gloves and proper footwear, and there is a need for education about health and safety issues 2.9.9. Economic Waste recycling can reduce waste disposal costs for local authorities by extending the life of landfills, reducing the need to invest in transport vehicles and equipment, reducing vehicle operation and maintenance costs, and reducing fuel consumption for transporting waste Businesses are provided with cheap raw materials. In Mauritius some hotels are used recycle materials such as the plates make of glasses ,chairs, kitchen waste use for composting and used for gardening .Thus the use of recycled materials reduces the need to import raw materials, meaning that less money is spent on foreign currency. RESEARCH METHODOLOY 3.1 Research Methods Information was gathered using a variety of methods to gain a better understanding of the situation, issues, perspectives and priorities. The primary data will be obtained by applying the following methods namely Interviews , Site Visit for Observations ,Email of Survey Questionnaires to the selected Hotel The secondary data will be obtained by reviewing the literature obtaining from the goggle scholar ,University of Mauritius Library Search ,Publications ,,Magazine Articles and Resent News .Some information will also be obtained from the www.lexpress.mu -Newspaper LExpress 3.2 Document and Literature Review Literature concerning solid waste management in hotel industry was reviewed. Documents were collected from various sources such as universities, industry associations, foreign agencies, government institutions ,AHRIM ,Books ,Magazine Articles ,Publications ,Present News ,research scholar using goggle and statistic office ,Ministry of Environment and National Development Unit ,Ministry Of Local Government ,Solid Waste Unit 3.3Interviews Interviews will be conducted with the Small ,Medium and Large Hotels , To learn about the Hotel Solid Waste Management (HSWM) program, I will interview staff mainly the Maintenance Manager ,Quality Assurance Manager , Health and Safety Officer ,the Head of Restaurant ,Chef Cook ,Food and Beverage Manager ,Executive Housekeeper from those selected hotel Successive conversations with the staffs will be helpful for gaining a better understanding of the issues that emerged. An initial set of questions will be prepared as per our Survey Questionnaire Appendix I in advance and additional questions were asked as the interviews will be conducted. This site visit interview will be appropriate for our mini project According to Tourism Welfare Fund Authority and AHRIM the following hotels are classified as HOTEL SIZE ROOM RANGE NO OF HOTELS FROM LIST SAMPLE SIZE SMALL 1-50 61 61 MEDIUM 50 100 34 61 LARGE >100 38<

The Links Between Child Abuse and Psychological, Emotional, Behavioral,

Abuse of children has become a major social problem and a main cause of many people's suffering and personal problems. Neglect, physical abuse, and sexual abuse have an immediate and long-term effects on a child's development. The long-term effects of abuse and neglect of a child can be seen in psychiatric disorders, increased rates of substance abuse, and relationship difficulties. Child abuse and neglect is a huge problem. Parents who abuse are people who have been abused and neglected themselves as children(Long Term Consequences). There are links between neglect and abuse and later psychological, emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal disorders. The basis for this linkage is the impact that abuse and neglect have on brain development. Researchers have found important links between interpersonal experiences and neurobiological development. Children who have been sexually abused are at significant risk of developing anxiety disorders (2.0 times the average), major depressive disorders (3.4 times average), alcohol abuse (2.5 times average), drug abuse (3.8 times average), and anti-social behavior (4.3 times average)(Crouch). Generally the left hemisphere of the brain is the site of language, motor activity on the right side of the body, and logical thought based on language. The right hemisphere of the brain is responsible for motor activity on the left side of the body, context perceptions, and holistic perception. The orbito-frontal cortex (the part of the brain directly behind the eyes) is responsible for integrating emotional responses generated in the limbic system with higher cognitive functions, such as planning and language, in the cerebral cortex's prefrontal lobes(Culp). The left orbito-frontal cortex is responsible for memory creation while the right orbito-frontal cortex is responsible for memory retrieval. Healthy functioning requires an integrated right and left hemisphere. A substantial number of synaptic connections among brain cells develop during the first year of life. An integrated brain requires connections between the hemispheres by the corpus callosum. Abused and neglected children have smaller corpus callosum than non-abused children. Abused and neglected children have poorly integrated cerebral hemispheres. This poor integration of hemispheres and underdevelopment of the orbitofrontal cortex is the basis for such symptoms as... ...ren. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 20(1), 49-65. Culp, R. E., Watkins, R. V., Lawrence, H., Letts, D., Kelly, D. J., & Rice, M. L. (1991). Maltreated children's language and speech development: Abused, neglected, and abused and neglected. First Language, 11(33), 377-389. Dong, M. (2004). The interrelatedness of multiple forms of childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28(7), 771-784. Greenfield, E. A. (2010). Child abuse as a life-course social determinant of adult health. Maturitas, 66(1), 51-55. Larkin, H. (2009). Adverse childhood experiences linked to health risk behaviors. Policy and Practice of Public Human Services, 67(3), 14-16. Sylvestre, A., & MÃ ©rette, C. (2010). Language delay in severely neglected children: A cumulative or specific effect of risk factors? Child Abuse & Neglect, 34(6), 414-428. Trickett, P. K., & McBride-Chang, C. (1995). The developmental impact of different forms of child abuse and neglect. Developmental Review 15, 311-337. Twardosz, S., & Lutzker, J. R. (2010). Child maltreatment and the developing brain: A review of neuroscience perspectives. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15(1), 59-68.

Culture and Anarchy by Mathew Arnold Essay

My foremost design in writing this Preface is to address a word of exhortation to the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. In the essay which follows, the reader will often find Bishop Wilson quoted. To me and to the members of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge his name and writings are still, no doubt, familiar; but the world is fast going away from old-fashioned people of his sort, and I learnt with consternation lately from a brilliant and distinguished votary of the natural sciences, that he had never so much as heard of Bishop Wilson, and that he imagined me to have invented him. At a moment when the Courts of Law have just taken off the embargo from the recreative religion furnished on Sundays by my gifted acquaintance and others, and when St. Martin’s Hall [iv] and the Alhambra will soon be beginning again to resound with their pulpit-eloquence, it distresses one to think that the new lights should not only have, in general, a very low opinion of the preachers of the old religion, but that they should have it without knowing the best that these preachers can do. And that they are in this case is owing in part, certainly, to the negligence of the Christian Knowledge Society. In old times they used to print and spread abroad Bishop Wilson’s Maxims of Piety and Christianity; the copy of this work which I use is one of their publications, bearing their imprint, and bound in the well-known brown calf which they made familiar to our childhood; but the date of my copy is 1812. I know of no copy besides, and I believe the work is no longer one of those printed and circulated by the Society. Hence the error, flattering, I own, to me personally, yet in itself to be regretted, of the distinguished physicist already mentioned. But Bishop Wilson’s Maxims deserve to be circulated as a religious book, not only by comparison with the cartloads of rubbish circulated at present under this designation, but for their own sake, and even by comparison with the other works of the same [v] author. Over the far better known Sacra Privata they have this advantage, that they were prepared by him for his own private use, while the Sacra Privata were prepared by him for the use of the public. The Maxims were never meant to be printed, and have on that account, like a work of, doubtless, far deeper emotion and power, the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius, something peculiarly sincere and first-hand about them. Some of the best things from the Maxims have passed into the Sacra Privata; still, in the Maxims, we have them as they first arose; and whereas, too, in the Sacra Privata the writer speaks very often as one of the clergy, and as addressing the clergy, in the Maxims he almost always speaks solely as a man. I am not saying a word against the Sacra Privata, for which I have the highest respect; only the Maxims seem to me a better and a more edifying book still. They should be read, as Joubert says Nicole should be read, with a direct aim at practice. The reader will leave on one side things which, from the change of time and from the changed point of view which the change of time inevitably brings with it, no longer suit him; enough [vi] will remain to serve as a sample of the very best, perhaps, which our nation and race can do in the way of religious writing. Monsieur Michelet makes it a reproach to us that, in all the doubt as to the real author of the Imitation, no one has ever dreamed of ascribing that work to an Englishman. It is true, the Imitation could not well have been written by an Englishman; the religious delicacy and the profound asceticism of that admirable book are hardly in our nature. This would be more of a reproach to us if in poetry, which requires, no less than religion, a true delicacy of spiritual perception, our race had not done such great things; and if the Imitation, exquisite as it is, did not, as I have elsewhere remarked, belong to a class of works in which the perfect balance of human nature is lost, and which have therefore, as spiritual productions, in their contents something excessive and morbid, in their form something not thoroughly sound. On a lower range than the Imitation, and awakening in our nature chords less poetical and delicate, the Maxims of Bishop Wilson are, as a religious work, far more solid. To the most sincere ardour and unction, Bishop Wilson unites, in these Maxims, that downright honesty [vii] and plain good sense which our English race has so powerfully applied to the divine impossibilities of religion; by which it has brought religion so much into practical life, and has done its allotted part in promoting upon earth the kingdom of God. But with ardour and unction religion, as we all know, may still be fanatical; with honesty and good sense, it may still be prosaic; and the fruit of honesty and good sense united with ardour and unction is often only a prosaic religion held fanatically. Bishop Wilson’s excellence lies in a balance of the four qualities, and in a fulness and perfection of them, which makes this untoward result impossible; his unction is so perfect, and in such happy alliance with his good sense, that it becomes tenderness and fervent charity; his good sense is so perfect and in such happy alliance with his unction, that it becomes moderation and insight. While, therefore, the type of religion exhibited in his Maxims is English, it is yet a type of a far higher kind than is in general reached by Bishop Wilson’s countrymen; and yet, being English, it is possible and attainable for them. And so I conclude as I began, by saying that a work of this sort is one which the Society for Promoting Christian [viii] Knowledge should not suffer to remain out of print or out of currency. To pass now to the matters canvassed in the following essay. The whole scope of the essay is to recommend culture as the great help out of our present difficulties; culture being a pursuit of our total perfection by means of getting to know, on all the matters which most concern us, the best which has been thought and said in the world, and, through this knowledge, turning a stream of fresh and free thought upon our stock notions and habits, which we now follow staunchly but mechanically, vainly imagining that there is a virtue in following them staunchly which makes up for the mischief of following them mechanically. This, and this alone, is the scope of the following essay. I say again here, what I have said in the pages which follow, that from the faults and weaknesses of bookmen a notion of something bookish, pedantic, and futile has got itself more or less connected with the word culture, and that it is a pity we cannot use a word more perfectly free from all shadow of reproach. And yet, futile as are many bookmen, and helpless as books and reading often prove for bringing nearer to perfection those who [ix] use them, one must, I think, be struck more and more, the longer one lives, to find how much, in our present society, a man’s life of each day depends for its solidity and value on whether he reads during that day, and, far more still, on what he reads during it. More and more he who examines himself will find the difference it makes to him, at the end of any given day, whether or no he has pursued his avocations throughout it without reading at all; and whether or no, having read something, he has read the newspapers only. This, however, is a matter for each man’s private conscience and experience. If a man without books or reading, or reading nothing but his letters and the newspapers, gets nevertheless a fresh and free play of the best thoughts upon his stock notions and habits, he has got culture. He has got that for which we prize and recommend culture; he has got that which at the present moment we seek culture that it may give us. This inward operation is the very life and essence of culture, as we conceive it. Nevertheless, it is not easy so to frame one’s discourse concerning the operation of culture, as to avoid giving frequent occasion to a misunderstanding whereby the essential inwardness of the [x] operation is lost sight of. We are supposed, when we criticise by the help of culture some imperfect doing or other, to have in our eye some well-known rival plan of doing, which we want to serve and recommend. Thus, for instance, because I have freely pointed out the dangers and inconveniences to which our literature is exposed in the absence of any centre of taste and authority like the French Academy, it is constantly said that I want to introduce here in England an institution like the French Academy. I have indeed expressly declared that I wanted no such thing; but let us notice how it is just our worship of machinery, and of external doing, which leads to this charge being brought; and how the inwardness of culture makes us seize, for watching and cure, the faults to which our want of an Academy inclines us, and yet prevents us from trusting to an arm of flesh, as the Puritans say,–from blindly flying to this outward machinery of an Academy, in order to help ourselves. For the very same culture and free inward play of thought which shows us how the Corinthian style, or the whimsies about the One Primeval Language, are generated and strengthened in the absence of an [xi] Academy, shows us, too, how little any Academy, such as we should be likely to get, would cure them. Every one who knows the characteristics of our national life, and the tendencies so fully discussed in the following pages, knows exactly what an English Academy would be like. One can see the happy family in one’s mind’s eye as distinctly as if it was already constituted. Lord Stanhope, the Bishop of Oxford, Mr. Gladstone, the Dean of Westminster, Mr. Froude, Mr. Henry Reeve,– everything which is influential, accomplished, and distinguished; and then, some fine morning, a dissatisfaction of the public mind with this brilliant and select coterie, a flight of Corinthian leading articles, and an irruption of Mr. G. A. Sala. Clearly, this is not what will do us good. The very same faults,–the want of sensitiveness of intellectual conscience, the disbelief in right reason, the dislike of authority,–which have hindered our having an Academy and have worked injuriously in our literature, would also hinder us from making our Academy, if we established it, one which would really correct them. And culture, which shows us truly the faults, shows us this also just as truly. [xii] It is by a like sort of misunderstanding, again, that Mr. Oscar Browning, one of the assistant-masters at Eton, takes up in the Quarterly Review the cudgels for Eton, as if I had attacked Eton, because I have said, in a book about foreign schools, that a man may well prefer to teach his three or four hours a day without keeping a boarding-house; and that there are great dangers in cramming little boys of eight or ten and making them compete for an object of great value to their parents; and, again, that the manufacture and supply of school-books, in England, much needs regulation by some competent authority. Mr. Oscar Browning gives us to understand that at Eton he and others, with perfect satisfaction to themselves and the public, combine the functions of teaching and of keeping a boarding-house; that he knows excellent men (and, indeed, well he may, for a brother of his own, I am told, is one of the best of them,) engaged in preparing little boys for competitive examinations, and that the result, as tested at Eton, gives perfect satisfaction. And as to school-books he adds, finally, that Dr. William Smith, the learned and distinguished editor of the Quarterly Review, is, as we all know, [xiii] the compiler of school-books meritorious and many. This is what Mr. Oscar Browning gives us to understand in the Quarterly Review, and it is impossible not to read with pleasure what he says. For what can give a finer example of that frankness and manly self- confidence which our great public schools, and none of them so much as Eton, are supposed to inspire, of that buoyant ease in holding up one’s head, speaking out what is in one’s mind, and flinging off all sheepishness and awkwardness, than to see an Eton assistant-master offering in fact himself as evidence that to combine boarding-house- keeping with teaching is a good hing, and his brother as evidence that to train and race little boys for competitive examinations is a good thing? Nay, and one sees that this frank-hearted Eton self- confidence is contagious; for has not Mr. Oscar Browning managed to fire Dr. William Smith (himself, no doubt, the modestest man alive, and never trained at Eton) with the same spirit, and made him insert in his own Review a puff, so to speak, of his own school-books, declaring that they are (as they are) meritorious and many? Nevertheless, Mr. Oscar Browning is wrong in [xiv] thinking that I wished to run down Eton; and his repetition on behalf of Eton, with this idea in his head, of the strains of his heroic ancestor, Malvina’s Oscar, as they are recorded by the family poet, Ossian, is unnecessary. â€Å"The wild boar rushes over their tombs, but he does not disturb their repose. They still love the sport of their youth, and mount the wind with joy. All I meant to say was, that there were unpleasantnesses in uniting the keeping a boarding-house with teaching, and dangers in cramming and racing little boys for competitive examinations, and charlatanism and extravagance in the manufacture and supply of our school-books. But when Mr. Oscar Browning tells us that all these have been happily got rid of in his case, and his brother’s case, and Dr. William Smith’s case, then I say that this is just what I wish, and I hope other people will follow their good example. All I seek is that such blemishes should not through any negligence, self-love, or want of due self- examination, be suffered to continue. Natural, as we have said, the sort of misunderstanding just noticed is; yet our usefulness depends upon our being able to clear it away, and to convince [xv] those who mechanically serve some stock notion or operation, and thereby go astray, that it is not culture’s work or aim to give the victory to some rival fetish, but simply to turn a free and fresh stream of thought upon the whole matter in question. In a thing of more immediate interest, just now, than either of the two we have mentioned, the like misunderstanding prevails; and until it is dissipated, culture can do no good work in the matter. When we criticise the present operation of disestablishing the Irish Church, not by the power of reason and justice, but by the power of the antipathy of the Protestant Nonconformists, English and Scotch, to establishments, we are charged with being dreamers of dreams, hich the national will has rudely shattered, for endowing the religious sects all round; or we are called enemies of the Nonconformists, blind partisans of the Anglican Establishment. More than a few words we must give to showing how erroneous are these charges; because if they were true, we should be actually subverting our own design, and playing false to that culture which it is our very purpose to recommend. Certainly we are no enemies of the Nonconformists; [xvi] for, on the contrary, what we aim at is their perfection. Culture, which is the study of perfection, leads us, as we in the following pages have shown, to conceive of true human perfection as a harmonious perfection, developing all sides of our humanity; and as a general perfection, developing all parts of our society. For if one member suffer, the other members must suffer with it; and the fewer there are that follow the true way of salvation the harder that way is to find. And while the Nonconformists, the successors and representatives of the Puritans, and like them staunchly walking by the best light they have, make a large part of what is strongest and most serious in this nation and therefore attract our respect and interest, yet all that, in what follows, is said about Hebraism and Hellenism, has for its main result to show how our Puritans, ancient and modern, have not enough added to their care for walking staunchly by the best light they have, a care that that light be not darkness; how they have developed one side of their humanity at the expense of all others, and have become incomplete and mutilated men in consequence. Thus falling short of harmonious [xvii] perfection, they fail to follow the true way of salvation. Therefore that way is made the harder for others to find, general perfection is put further off out of our reach, and the confusion and perplexity in which our society now labours is increased by the Nonconformists rather than diminished by them. So while we praise and esteem the zeal of the Nonconformists in walking staunchly by the best light they have, and desire to take no whit from it, we seek to add to this what we call sweetness and light, and develope their full humanity more perfectly; and to seek this is certainly not to be the enemy of the Nonconformists. But now, with these ideas in our head, we come across the present operation for disestablishing the Irish Church by the power of the Nonconformists’ antipathy to religious establishments and endowments. And we see Liberal statesmen, for whose purpose this antipathy happens to be convenient, flattering it all they can; saying that though they have no intention of laying hands on an Establishment which is efficient and popular, like the Anglican Establishment here in England, yet it is in the abstract a fine and good thing that religion should [xviii] be left to the voluntary support of its promoters, and should thus gain in energy and independence; and Mr. Gladstone has no words strong enough to express his admiration of the refusal of State-aid by the Irish Roman Catholics, who have never yet been seriously asked to accept it, but who would a good deal embarrass him if they demanded it. And we see philosophical politicians, with a turn for swimming with the stream, like Mr. Baxter or Mr. Charles Buxton, and philosophical divines with the same turn, like the Dean of Canterbury, seeking to give a sort of grand stamp of generality and solemnity to this antipathy of the Nonconformists, and to dress it out as a law of human progress in the future. Now, nothing can be pleasanter than swimming with the stream; and we might gladly, if we could, try in our unsystematic way to help Mr. Baxter, and Mr. Charles Buxton, and the Dean of Canterbury, in their labours at once philosophical and popular. But we have got fixed in our minds that a more full and harmonious development of their humanity is what the Nonconformists most want, that narrowness, one-sidedness, and incompleteness is what they most suffer from; [xix] in a word, that in what we call provinciality they abound, but in what we may call totality they fall short. And they fall short more than the members of Establishments. The great works by which, not only in literature, art, and science generally, but in religion itself, the human spirit has manifested its approaches to totality, and a full, harmonious perfection, and by which it stimulates and helps forward the world’s general perfection, come, not from Nonconformists, but from men who either belong to Establishments or have been trained in them. A Nonconformist minister, the Rev. Edward White, who has lately written a temperate and well-reasoned pamphlet against Church Establishments, says that â€Å"the unendowed and unestablished communities of England exert full as much moral and ennobling influence upon the conduct of statesmen as that Church which is both established and endowed. † That depends upon what one means by moral and ennobling influence. The believer in machinery may think that to get a Government to abolish Church-rates or to legalise marriage with a deceased wife’s sister is to exert a moral and ennobling influ ence [xx] upon Government. But a lover of perfection, who looks to inward ripeness for the true springs of conduct, will surely think that as Shakspeare has done more for the inward ripeness of our statesmen than Dr. Watts, and has, therefore, done more to moralise and ennoble them, so an Establishment which has produced Hooker, Barrow, Butler, has done more to moralise and ennoble English statesmen and their conduct than communities which have produced the Nonconformist divines. The fruitful men of English Puritanism and Nonconformity are men who were trained within the pale of the Establishment,–Milton, Baxter, Wesley. A generation or two outside the Establishment, and Puritanism produces men of national mark no more. With the same doctrine and discipline, men of national mark are produced in Scotland; but in an Establishment. With the same doctrine and discipline, men of national and even European mark are produced in Germany, Switzerland, France; but in Establishments. Only two religious disciplines seem exempted; or comparatively exempted, from the operation of the law which seems to forbid the rearing, outside of national establishments, of men of the [xxi] highest spiritual significance. These two are the Roman Catholic and the Jewish. And these, both of them, rest on Establishments, which, though not indeed national, are cosmopolitan; and perhaps here, what the individual man does not lose by these conditions of his rearing, the citizen, and the State of which he is a citizen, loses.